#04
EastBridge Insight Week
EastBridge Insight Week #04
The weekly summary for August 24–30, 2026, prepared by Klaudia Fukowska, Patryk Radke, and Oliwier Gorgoń.
Monday, August 24
Iran: The United States launches new economic offensive. U.S. Department of the Treasury launches Operation “Economic Outcast,” aimed at further restricting Iran’s access to the international financial system and sources of revenue. The Office of Foreign Assets Control imposes sanctions on nearly 60 entities, individuals, and vessels linked to Iran’s energy sector, nuclear and missile programs, cyber operations, and efforts to circumvent existing restrictions. Washington also expands the scope for imposing secondary sanctions on activities involving digital assets, technology, gold, aviation, and shipping. Authorities in Tehran announce that they will respond to countries joining the U.S. campaign to isolate Iran.
**Syria: Removal from the U.S. list of state sponsors of terrorism. The United States formally rescinds Syria’s designation as a state sponsor of terrorism, which has been in place since 1979. The decision takes effect following the conclusion of a 45-day congressional review period. Secretary of State Marco Rubio justifies the move by citing the efforts of the government of Ahmad al-Sharaa to break ties with international terrorist organizations and its cooperation in combating the Islamic State. Syria’s removal lifts restrictions on U.S. foreign assistance, exports of weapons and certain dual-use goods, and some financial transactions. It does not, however, affect sanctions targeting Bashar al-Assad and his associates, individuals responsible for human rights abuses, drug traffickers, the Islamic State, al-Qaeda, or Iranian organizations operating in Syria.
Sudan: U.S. proposal to expand the arms embargo. The United States submits a draft resolution to the UN Security Council to extend the arms embargo currently in force in Darfur to all of Sudan. The proposal explicitly covers unmanned aerial vehicles, their components, and related technologies, and provides for an increase in the number of experts monitoring sanctions compliance. France, the United Kingdom, and Denmark support the extension, while Russia, China, and a representative of the authorities in Khartoum oppose it. Sudan argues that the new restrictions would place the regular army on an equal footing with the Rapid Support Forces and infringe on the country’s sovereignty. The draft has not yet been adopted by the Security Council.
Kazakhstan: Decisive victory for the presidential party in parliamentary elections. According to preliminary results from the Central Election Commission, the Adilet party has won 71.17% of the vote in the first elections to the new unicameral Kurultai. Four smaller parties also enter parliament: Auyl, Respublika, Ak Zhol, and the Nationwide Social Democratic Party. All are nevertheless regarded as broadly supportive of President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev’s policies. International observers assess the elections as technically well organized, while highlighting the lack of genuine pluralism, Adilet’s organizational advantage, limited competition, and blurred boundaries between the state and the party. They also record irregularities during the vote count and discrepancies between observed voter activity and official turnout figures.
Armenia: Preparations to apply for EU membership and a further move away from the CSTO. Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan announces that the government will soon begin preparing a formal application for membership of the European Union. A referendum on possible accession would be held at a later stage, once the realistic prospects of membership, a potential roadmap, and the scope of required reforms become clear. Pashinyan also rules out resuming Armenia’s active participation in the Russia-led Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO). He says that Yerevan’s interest in the organization has been exhausted and that Armenia does not plan to resume active involvement in the CSTO over the next five years. The country froze its participation in early 2024, accusing the organization of failing to fulfill its alliance commitments.
Tuesday, August 25
Syria: Syrian Democratic Forces cease to operate as an independent formation. Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) commander Mazloum Abdi announces the dissolution of the SDF as a separate military structure and the start of the full integration of its units into Syrian state forces. The Kurdish People’s Protection Units, which formed the core of the SDF, had previously been incorporated into the army, and their commander, Sipan Hamo, became deputy defence minister responsible for the eastern part of the country. The decision implements an agreement between the authorities in Damascus and the Kurdish leadership. It does not, however, definitively resolve the future extent of political and administrative autonomy in Kurdish areas.
**Iran and Oman: Talks on a temporary corridor through the Strait of Hormuz. The foreign ministers of Iran and Oman, Abbas Araghchi and Badr al-Busaidi, discuss in Tehran a phased plan to partially restore safe navigation through the Strait of Hormuz. The preliminary model envisages establishing a joint temporary navigation corridor and conducting coordinated mine-clearance operations. Vessels entering the Persian Gulf would transit Iranian waters, while those leaving the Gulf would use Iranian and Omani waters. The parties expect negotiations on the permanent route and a future system for managing maritime traffic to take 30 to 60 days. The arrangements remain preliminary, however, and do not mean the strait will automatically reopen.
Saudi Arabia: Nuclear cooperation agreement with the United States sent to Congress. The Donald Trump administration submits to Congress a draft 30-year agreement on civilian nuclear cooperation with Saudi Arabia. The agreement would allow U.S. companies to export technology and build AP1000 reactors in the Kingdom. Potential projects could be worth tens of billions of dollars. Donald Trump maintains that the agreement should enter into force only after Saudi-Israeli relations are normalized and Riyadh joins the Abraham Accords. At the same time, the statutory review process covering 90 days of congressional session begins. If Congress does not successfully object, the agreement may enter into force, leaving uncertainty as to how the political condition of normalisation could be legally enforced. Saudi Arabia has made recognition of Israel conditional on establishing an irreversible path toward Palestinian statehood. The absence of an unequivocal ban on the Kingdom enriching uranium and reprocessing spent fuel independently also remains controversial.
Commentary by Oliwier Gorgoń: The crucial issue for assessing the non-proliferation regime is that the agreement does not contain a permanent renunciation of the right to enrich uranium (the so-called gold standard of non-proliferation, modeled on the 2009 U.S.–United Arab Emirates agreement). Instead, it defers the decision to a two-year feasibility study, effectively leaving the door open to developing a domestic nuclear fuel-cycle capability. In a region where Iran has operated its own enrichment program for years and the U.S.-Israeli-Iranian war is still ongoing, any weakening of the non-proliferation standard for a third country increases the risk that other regional states (Turkey and Egypt) will follow suit, regardless of Riyadh’s stated peaceful intentions. Making the agreement’s entry into force conditional on the Abraham Accords also turns it into a political instrument within the broader Middle Eastern landscape, meaning that its final form could still change depending on progress—or the lack of it—toward Saudi-Israeli normalization.
Armenia and Azerbaijan: Talks on interconnecting their electricity grids. Representatives of Armenia’s Ministry of Territorial Administration and Infrastructure, the Armenian electricity system operator, Azerbaijan’s Ministry of Energy, and Azerenerji meet in Lachin. The talks concern the possibility of mutual electricity imports and exports, as well as technical options for connecting the two countries’ infrastructure along their shared border. The meeting is among the first direct working-level contacts devoted to practical infrastructure integration following years of conflict.
Commentary by Patryk Radke: Interconnecting the electricity grids would carry greater political significance than the potential volume of power traded might suggest. Shared infrastructure raises the costs of renewed escalation and gradually replaces the logic of isolation with a mechanism of limited interdependence. The project also fits into the broader competition over the routes of new transport and energy links in the South Caucasus. For Armenia, it could help diversify energy import routes, while allowing Azerbaijan to present regional integration as a tangible outcome of the peace process. It does not resolve the dispute over a final peace treaty or the delimitation of the entire border, but it moves normalization from declarations to technical cooperation.
**Armenia: Former president Robert Kocharyan detained. Prosecutors detain the former president and leader of the opposition Armenia Alliance, charging him with money laundering, accepting bribes, and abuse of power. According to investigators, during his presidency from 1998 to 2008, Kocharyan allegedly facilitated the acquisition of state assets on preferential terms and subsequently concealed the origin of the proceeds. Nine other people, including his eldest son Sedrak, have also been charged. The former president denies the allegations, and his associates describe the proceedings as politically motivated. Kocharyan remains one of the most prominent figures in Armenia’s opposition advocating close ties with Russia.
Egypt: Eni and BP prepare an investment decision on the Denise West field. Eni, BP, and the Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation intend to make a final investment decision on the development of the offshore Denise West gas field within the next few months. According to Eni, first production could begin in less than two years. During a meeting with President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, the parties also discussed the Cypriot Cronos project, from which gas is to be transported to Egypt’s LNG terminal in Damietta. The projects are intended to strengthen Egypt’s position as a Mediterranean hub for gas processing and exports.
CIA director’s visit to Moscow and speculation about Russian nuclear weapons. CIA Director John Ratcliffe made an unannounced visit to Moscow on 25 August, his first during Trump’s term, during which he reportedly warned Russian officials against escalation toward the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) and urged the Kremlin to curb its support for Iran. The visit coincided with Bloomberg reports of growing support among Russian elites for the use of tactical nuclear weapons in Ukraine. Some commentators in Poland (Dziennik.pl and Interia) link those reports to a possible nuclear dimension of the Moscow talks. Trump describes Ratcliffe’s trip as “semi-routine” and denies that its purpose was to deter Russia from testing NATO. European officials quoted by Bloomberg also challenge the claim that an attack on the Baltic countries was the main topic of the visit.
Commentary by Oliwier Gorgoń: Linking the CIA director’s visit to Russian nuclear plans currently appears to be an interpretation imposed on the facts after the event, based more on the timing of two separate strands of reporting (a warning against a conventional attack on the Baltic states and separate Bloomberg reporting on pro-escalation sentiment in Moscow) than on a confirmed connection between sources. The very fact that Washington considered it necessary to send its intelligence chief to deliver a direct warning is significant in itself: it suggests that U.S. intelligence assessments regard a limited test of Article 5—possibly using hybrid methods rather than a conventional invasion—as a realistic scenario this autumn. The divergence between U.S. and European interpretations of the visit’s purpose also illustrates a broader problem: European allies do not have full insight into talks conducted directly between Washington and Moscow. In the context of shifting primary responsibility for Europe’s defense onto European countries, this creates additional uncertainty about the coherence of deterrence on NATO’s eastern flank.
Wednesday, August 26
Strait of Hormuz: Conflicting Iranian statements on an agreement with Oman. A spokesman for the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps announces that Iran and Oman have reached an agreement on dividing responsibility for the strait’s waters and future revenues from maritime traffic services. Shortly afterward, a senior Iranian source states that the agreement has not yet been finalized and that the parties are still working out its details. Tehran maintains that the strait will not be fully reopened without an end to the U.S. blockade of Iranian ports, the lifting of sanctions, and the payment of compensation provided for under earlier ceasefire arrangements.
Commentary by Patryk Radke: The conflicting statements do not necessarily mean the talks have collapsed. It is more likely that different power centers in Tehran are trying to impose their interpretation of the future agreement before its parameters are accepted by Oman and the United States. Iran seeks to turn its de facto control over shipping into a permanent mechanism for jointly administering the strait and collecting fees. Oman, meanwhile, is trying to restore safe commercial traffic without compromising its sovereignty or entering into direct conflict with Washington. The measure of progress will not be further declarations, but an actual rise in vessel transits, the response of marine insurers, and the position of the U.S. Navy.
United Arab Emirates: Sharp decline in passenger traffic at Dubai airport. Dubai International Airport handled 31.5 million passengers in the first half of 2026, down 31.3% from the same period a year earlier. Aircraft movements fall 32.1% to 150,600. The immediate causes are military operations against Iran, airspace closures, flight cancellations and diversions, and caution among international airlines. Regional carriers are gradually rebuilding their networks, but Lufthansa, British Airways, and Singapore Airlines continue to maintain some restrictions. The results cast doubt on the earlier forecast that DXB would handle almost 100 million passengers in 2026 as a whole.
Syria: Visa and Mastercard conduct the first international card transactions. Visa and Mastercard conduct the first international card transactions in Syria. Mastercard and Qatar’s QNB complete the first end-to-end international payment, while Visa conducts a test transaction in cooperation with Lebanon’s Fransabank and the Syrian company Paymera. President Ahmad al-Sharaa takes part in the Visa test by making a payment at a restaurant in Damascus’s historic center. The launch of these services does not yet mean nationwide availability. QNB plans to gradually expand its network of card-accepting merchants, while Syria’s central bank continues to rebuild correspondent banking relationships with foreign financial institutions.
Commentary by Patryk Radke: The first practical consequence of removing Syria from the U.S. list of state sponsors of terrorism has emerged sooner than might have been expected. The entry of global payment operators confirms that Syria’s previous status was not merely a symbolic burden but created a real legal and reputational barrier. Pilot transactions do not, however, amount to the country’s full return to the international financial system. The real test will be the availability of card payments on a wider scale, the restoration of correspondent banking, and the willingness of banks, insurers, and investors to commit for the long term. Syria continues to struggle with weak institutions, regulatory unpredictability, security risks, and territorial fragmentation.
China: Xi Jinping to visit Kyrgyzstan and Egypt. China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs announces that Xi Jinping will attend the Shanghai Cooperation Organization summit in Bishkek and make state visits to Kyrgyzstan and Egypt between 30 August and 3 September. In Bishkek, the Chinese leader will meet President Sadyr Japarov and discuss deeper regional cooperation. He will then travel to Egypt for his first state visit in ten years, during which he will meet President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. The trip combines two priorities of Chinese foreign policy: strengthening influence in Central Asia and expanding China’s strategic economic and political presence in the Middle East and North Africa.
Thursday, August 27
Qatar: Attempt to revive mediation between the United States and Iran. Qatar’s prime minister and foreign minister, Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani, visits Tehran, where he meets Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi. The talks focus on a phased plan involving a temporary Iranian-Omani shipping corridor through the Strait of Hormuz and joint mine-clearance operations. The visit does not produce a diplomatic breakthrough. The White House states that it is not currently negotiating with Iran because Tehran has not engaged in talks in a manner Washington considers constructive. Iran, in turn, maintains that it has not left the negotiating table and makes the full reopening of the strait conditional on ending the blockade of Iranian ports, lifting sanctions, and paying compensation.
**Strait of Hormuz: Slight increase in observed traffic and another tanker incident. Kpler data show ten observable cargo-vessel transits through the strait on Wednesday, compared with eight the previous day. The figure remains below the ten-day average of approximately 15 vessels. The data cover ships detected by traffic-monitoring systems and therefore exclude vessels traveling with their transponders switched off. The UK Maritime Trade Operations agency also reports that a tanker has been struck by an unidentified projectile. A fire broke out aboard the vessel but was subsequently extinguished.
Asian Development Bank: $400 million to modernize borders in CAREC countries. The Asian Development Bank approves a $400 million regional financing facility called BUILD to modernize border crossings, digitize customs procedures, and reduce the time and cost of freight transport. The program covers 11 countries participating in Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC): Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, China, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The project’s growing importance is linked in part to greater use of the Middle Corridor, which connects Asia with Europe through Central Asia, the Caspian Sea, and the South Caucasus. Investments are expected to cover not only physical infrastructure but also electronic single-window systems, modern inspection mechanisms, and digital risk management.
Pakistan and Kuwait: Expansion of military cooperation. The defense ministers of Pakistan and Kuwait, Khawaja Muhammad Asif and Sheikh Abdullah Ali Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah, sign the “Protocol Agreement 2026.” The document expands the cooperation framework established under a 2023 defence agreement. Pakistan is to support Kuwait’s armed forces in training, capability development, border protection, and other agreed areas of military cooperation. The agreement follows months of discussions held against the backdrop of deteriorating security in the Persian Gulf.
Commentary by Patryk Radke: The agreement can be seen as part of a broader diversification of defense partnerships by Persian Gulf states. It does not mean replacing U.S. security guarantees, but it indicates growing interest in additional providers of training, technology, and military capabilities. Pakistan has the necessary capacity and many years of experience working with Arab countries, but its simultaneous relationships with Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Iran may limit its ability to align permanently with one side in regional rivalries.
**Armenia: Court orders pretrial detention of Robert Kocharyan. An anti-corruption court grants prosecutors’ request and orders former president Robert Kocharyan to be held in pretrial detention. Kocharyan faces three counts of abuse of power, two counts of accepting exceptionally large bribes, and four counts of large-scale money laundering. His eldest son Sedrak is also in pretrial detention. Both deny wrongdoing. The court’s decision heightens the political significance of the case because the former president remains the leader of one of the principal opposition groups and a staunch critic of Armenia’s pro-Western shift.
Friday, August 28
**Possible expansion of the Mecca Joint Defence Agreement. Three weeks after the agreement was signed, representatives of the Bangladeshi authorities express a positive attitude toward possible membership, while emphasizing that Dhaka has not yet received a formal invitation. The question of Bangladesh’s accession could be the first major challenge for the Mecca Joint Defence Agreement. If Dhaka joined, the agreement would gain another Muslim-majority country while extending its geographic reach into the Indian Ocean region. It would also mark a significant departure from Bangladesh’s established foreign-policy approach, traditionally summed up by the motto “Friendship to all, malice towards none,” with its emphasis on moderate multilateral dialogue. A major concern surrounding the pact’s expansion into South Asia is the possible deterioration of relations with India, which shares borders with both Pakistan, a founding member of the pact, and Bangladesh. Indian authorities have stated that the pact affects the country’s national security. Randhir Jaiswal, spokesman for India’s Ministry of External Affairs, says: “We continue to monitor all developments that have a bearing on India’s security and take all necessary steps to safeguard it” [translation by junior analysts in the source text].
Saturday, August 29
Strait of Hormuz remains closed. Iran’s Deputy Foreign Minister Kazem Gharibabadi says that Tehran is in no hurry to reopen the Strait of Hormuz. Iran and Oman have reached an agreement on the conditions for passage through the strait, but Gharibabadi stresses that it will not take effect automatically and depends on the United States fulfilling its commitments. One of Iran’s key current objectives is to return to the international arena and engage in diplomatic dialogue.
Possible extension of UNIFIL’s mandate in Lebanon. The UN Security Council is holding discussions on the future of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) and the security situation in the south of the country. Security Council Resolution 2790, unanimously adopted on 28 August 2025, extended the mission’s mandate for the last time until 31 December 2026. After that date, UNIFIL is to begin gradually withdrawing its personnel, with the process to be completed within one year. During negotiations on the resolution, the United States advocated a clear deadline for ending the mission, but ultimately supported the adopted text. The Lebanese authorities are seeking to maintain international support for security in the south of the country, while UNIFIL’s continued presence remains a subject of diplomatic discussion.
Commentary by Klaudia Fukowska: UNIFIL’s future will depend primarily on the security situation in southern Lebanon and the Lebanese armed forces’ ability to take over tasks currently performed by the UN mission. Resolution 2790 provides for the end of UNIFIL’s operations, but a deterioration in security could reopen the debate over the pace and conditions of the withdrawal. France remains one of the countries particularly involved in discussions of international support for Lebanon, while the United States consistently emphasizes the need for the Lebanese authorities to assume greater responsibility for the security of their own territory.
Sunday, August 30
The United States resumes strikes on Iran after a break of about one month. U.S. missiles strike Larak Island in the Strait of Hormuz. The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) subsequently announces retaliatory drone and missile attacks on the U.S. military bases “King Hussein” and “Al Azraq” in Jordan. The IRGC calls the attacks “Punishment of the Aggressor.” Jordan issues a statement saying that eight missiles that violated its airspace have been intercepted.
Syria reopens its embassy in Libya after 14 years. Syria’s embassy in Tripoli officially reopens after having been closed for more than 14 years. The ceremony is attended by Syrian Foreign Minister Asaad al-Shaibani and representatives of Libya’s Government of National Unity. During the Syrian delegation’s visit, the parties also sign a separate agreement to update the framework for bilateral cooperation and reactivate the Libyan-Syrian Higher Committee. The talks address the rebuilding of political and economic relations following the fall of Bashar al-Assad’s government, cooperation in security and energy, and unresolved financial issues between institutions in the two countries. The Libyan authorities describe the reopening of the Syrian diplomatic mission as the beginning of a “new chapter” in relations between the two countries.
Sources:
Economic Outcast https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0613
U.S. Treasury – wystąpienie Scotta Bessenta https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0614
The Guardian – odpowiedź Iranu na amerykańskie sankcjehttps://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/aug/24/iran-vows-retaliate-countries-cooperate-fresh-us-sanctions
U.S. Department of State – wykreślenie Syrii z listy państw sponsorujących terroryzmhttps://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesperson/2026/08/rescission-of-syrias-designation-as-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism
U.S. Treasury/OFAC – status sankcji wobec Syrii https://ofac.treasury.gov/sanctions-programs-and-country-information/syria-sanctions-inactive-and-archived
Reuters – konsekwencje wykreślenia Syrii z listy https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-removes-syrias-designation-state-sponsor-terrorism-2026-08-24/
United Nations – posiedzenie Rady Bezpieczeństwa w sprawie Sudanuhttps://press.un.org/en/2026/sc16437.doc.htm
Sudan Tribune – propozycja rozszerzenia embarga na brońhttps://sudantribune.com/article/317836
Reuters – wyniki wyborów parlamentarnych w Kazachstanie https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pro-presidential-party-kazakhstan-won-71-votes-weekend-election-electoral-2026-08-24/
Interfax – wstępne wyniki wyborów w Kazachstanie https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/118819/
OBWE/ODIHR – wstępna ocena wyborów w Kazachstanie https://odihr.osce.org/odihr/667173
Armenpress – zapowiedź rozpoczęcia procesu składania wniosku Armenii do UEhttps://armenpress.am/en/article/1258711
Armenpress – stanowisko Paszyniana wobec OUBZ https://armenpress.am/en/article/1258725
Reuters – rozwiązanie i integracja Syryjskich Sił Demokratycznychhttps://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrias-kurdish-led-sdf-dissolves-part-integration-with-damascus-2026-08-25/
Associated Press – rozmowy Iranu i Omanu dotyczące cieśniny Ormuzhttps://apnews.com/article/middle-east-iran-israel-hormuz-pakistan-august-25-2026-1a4fa2e3812c458a25a561b38dc89f09
Reuters – amerykańsko-saudyjskie porozumienie nuklearnehttps://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/trump-sends-saudi-nuclear-deal-congress-says-riyadh-must-recognize-israel-2026-08-25/
NEWS.am – spotkanie energetyczne Armenii i Azerbejdżanu https://news.am/en/news/1057584
Reuters – zatrzymanie Roberta Koczariana https://www.reuters.com/world/state-prosecutors-armenia-detain-ex-president-kocharyan-corruption-charges-2026-08-25/
Reuters – inwestycje gazowe Eni i BP w Egipcie https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/eni-bp-aim-final-investment-decision-egypts-gas-discovery-few-months-2026-08-25/
Iranu i Omanu https://www.reuters.com/world/china/iran-oman-discuss-temporary-hormuz-corridor-impasse-with-us-drags-2026-08-25/
Reuters – deklaracja Korpusu Strażników Rewolucji w sprawie Ormuzuhttps://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/iran-oman-reach-agreements-share-hormuz-revenues-revolutionary-guards-say-2026-08-26/
Dubai Airports – wyniki DXB za pierwszą połowę 2026 roku https://media.dubaiairports.ae/dxb-enters-stronger-second-half-as-capacity-returns-and-investment-continues/
Reuters – spadek ruchu na lotnisku w Dubaju https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/dubais-dxb-first-half-passenger-traffic-falls-more-than-30-iran-war-disrupts-2026-08-26/
Reuters – pierwsze płatności Visa i Mastercard w Syrii https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/visa-mastercard-launch-international-card-payments-syria-after-us-lifts-2026-08-27/
Reuters – zapowiedź wizyt Xi Jinpinga w Kirgistanie i Egipciehttps://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-xi-attend-sco-summit-kyrgyzstan-visit-egypt-ministry-says-2026-08-26/
Reuters – wizyta premiera Kataru w Teheranie https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/qatar-pm-visit-tehran-pursue-mediation-efforts-2026-08-26/
Reuters – dane dotyczące ruchu przez cieśninę Ormuz https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/shipping-traffic-through-strait-hormuz-rises-slightly-data-shows-2026-08-27/
Asian Development Bank – finansowanie modernizacji granic w państwach CAREChttps://www.adb.org/news/adb-approves-400-million-financing-facility-modernize-borders-facilitate-trade-carec-region
Arab News – porozumienie obronne Pakistanu i Kuwejtuhttps://www.arabnews.com/node/2656045/amp
https://armenpress.am/en/article/1258959
https://armenpress.am/en/article/1259008/amp
https://www.dw.com/en/will-bangladesh-join-the-mecca-defense-alliance/a-78613944
https://www.cnn.com/2026/08/26/politics/trump-saudi-arabia-nuclear-deal