Oliwier Gorgoń's Analysis: A Race Run in the Shadows. Nuclear Weapons Spending and Modernisation in 2025
Our Junior Analyst, Oliwier Gorgoń, has published an analysis on Defence24 entitled “A Race Run in the Shadows. Nuclear Weapons Spending and Modernisation in 2025.”
The author examines global nuclear weapons spending and the modernisation of nuclear arsenals in 2025. Particular attention is given to the growing financial commitments of the nine nuclear-armed states, which collectively spent nearly USD 119 billion on their nuclear arsenals last year.
The article discusses the modernisation of nuclear capabilities in the United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom and France, as well as developments in India, Pakistan, Israel and North Korea. It also addresses the continuing erosion of the arms control and non-proliferation regime and the resulting implications for strategic stability.
The analysis places particular emphasis on the significance of these developments for Poland and Central and Eastern Europe, including the expansion of Russian dual-use infrastructure in Belarus, changes in France’s nuclear deterrence policy, and the growing importance of the debate on the European dimension of nuclear deterrence.
We encourage you to read the full analysis on Defence24.